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The researchers estimate that a 10 percent reduction in exposure to particulate matter during the first year of life increases the quarters worked by 0.7 percent and mean annual earnings by about 1 percent. This NOₓ reduction translates into declines of about 6 percent in mean ozone concentrations and 35 percent in the number of high-ozone days during the summer months.Our review is best understood as a launching point toward a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the CAA.
During the 1990s, state and local governments implemented regional cap-and-trade programs, including the NOₓ Budget Trading Program and Southern California’s Regional Clean Air Incentives Market program (RECLAIM), to make progress in attaining ozone and SO2 NAAQS.The CAA has delivered clear success stories—removing lead from gasoline, phasing out chlorofluorocarbons and other substances that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, and dramatically reducing sulfur emissions from power plants and transportation fuels. While these analyses draw on a now-extensive literature covering the atmospheric chemistry, epidemiology, and economics of air pollution, the analyses by definition forecast the future, rather than evaluate what happened in practice. No evidence exists to suggest that the allowance program has led to more health damages than a uniform emissions standard; however, the evidence is mixed for the impact of the RECLAIM program on “hotspots,” or local areas with higher emissions and associated damages.This hypothesis has been tested for three air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, and SO₂), using nonattainment status per the 1977 and 1990 CAA amendments. Thus it is fair to ask what lessons the 1970 amendments might hold for Congress as it sets about revising the Clean Air Act once again. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 contains CAA provisions for fuel regulations, including the Renewable Fuel Standard (revised in 2007) and state boutique fuel programs. Other papers examine the unanticipated consequences or failures of regulations to reduce emissions, including situations in which a regulation had no impact on ambient air quality.This legislation shifted the state-oriented focus of most air quality regulation to the federal government, under the purview of the newly created EPA. Those of us who had a hand in drafting the 1970 amendments therefore can take satisfaction because that legislation has had a positive impact on our nation's environmental protection efforts. Emissions of air toxics also have declined substantially. In enacting the 1970 statute, Congress knew that a central element in any successful approach to air pollution control (and, indeed, environmental protection generally) would have to be a change in attitude about the value of environmental protection.Last updated on October 4, 2016Rogers served as Chair of the House Subcommittee on Health and the Environment during the 1970 Clean Air Act deliberations. By taking the then-bold step of making air pollution control a national responsibility, with strict deadlines for compliance, Congress accomplished that purpose in the 1970 statute. Congress is still struggling with the difficult question of how to achieve that goal. Der Clean Air Act (englisch für sinngemäß Gesetz zur Reinhaltung der Luft) ist eine gesetzliche Regelung in englischsprachigen Ländern zur Luftreinhaltung. As a result, we would expect air quality to improve more in nonattainment counties than in attainment counties.By the middle of the twentieth century, a number of alarming smog episodes in US cities and industrial areas had raised public awareness about deteriorating air quality. It will be critical to keep the pressure on in order to see to it that those who are covered by the statute obey it - or pay the requisite penalties for violations.But a positive change in attitude and assumptions about environmental protection does not in itself clean up dirty air. Evidence also suggests that some of the potential cost savings were appropriated by railroads, which set relatively higher prices for transporting low-sulfur coal to Midwestern power plants.As we reflect on the 50th anniversary of the 1970 Clean Air Act, we’ve asked what we can learn about the law’s causal economic, environmental, and public health impacts.
Some have said that Congress reacted to public pressure too quickly and rushed through clean-air legislation that was not up to the task of responding to real air-pollution concerns. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding. These lower cost savings are partly due to the decision of some utilities to install scrubbers rather than purchase allowances and/or switch to low-sulfur coal—a choice that is estimated to have increased annual compliance costs by nearly $100 million.
The researchers estimate that a 10 percent reduction in exposure to particulate matter during the first year of life increases the quarters worked by 0.7 percent and mean annual earnings by about 1 percent. This NOₓ reduction translates into declines of about 6 percent in mean ozone concentrations and 35 percent in the number of high-ozone days during the summer months.Our review is best understood as a launching point toward a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the CAA.
During the 1990s, state and local governments implemented regional cap-and-trade programs, including the NOₓ Budget Trading Program and Southern California’s Regional Clean Air Incentives Market program (RECLAIM), to make progress in attaining ozone and SO2 NAAQS.The CAA has delivered clear success stories—removing lead from gasoline, phasing out chlorofluorocarbons and other substances that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, and dramatically reducing sulfur emissions from power plants and transportation fuels. While these analyses draw on a now-extensive literature covering the atmospheric chemistry, epidemiology, and economics of air pollution, the analyses by definition forecast the future, rather than evaluate what happened in practice. No evidence exists to suggest that the allowance program has led to more health damages than a uniform emissions standard; however, the evidence is mixed for the impact of the RECLAIM program on “hotspots,” or local areas with higher emissions and associated damages.This hypothesis has been tested for three air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, and SO₂), using nonattainment status per the 1977 and 1990 CAA amendments. Thus it is fair to ask what lessons the 1970 amendments might hold for Congress as it sets about revising the Clean Air Act once again. For example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 contains CAA provisions for fuel regulations, including the Renewable Fuel Standard (revised in 2007) and state boutique fuel programs. Other papers examine the unanticipated consequences or failures of regulations to reduce emissions, including situations in which a regulation had no impact on ambient air quality.This legislation shifted the state-oriented focus of most air quality regulation to the federal government, under the purview of the newly created EPA. Those of us who had a hand in drafting the 1970 amendments therefore can take satisfaction because that legislation has had a positive impact on our nation's environmental protection efforts. Emissions of air toxics also have declined substantially. In enacting the 1970 statute, Congress knew that a central element in any successful approach to air pollution control (and, indeed, environmental protection generally) would have to be a change in attitude about the value of environmental protection.Last updated on October 4, 2016Rogers served as Chair of the House Subcommittee on Health and the Environment during the 1970 Clean Air Act deliberations. By taking the then-bold step of making air pollution control a national responsibility, with strict deadlines for compliance, Congress accomplished that purpose in the 1970 statute. Congress is still struggling with the difficult question of how to achieve that goal. Der Clean Air Act (englisch für sinngemäß Gesetz zur Reinhaltung der Luft) ist eine gesetzliche Regelung in englischsprachigen Ländern zur Luftreinhaltung. As a result, we would expect air quality to improve more in nonattainment counties than in attainment counties.By the middle of the twentieth century, a number of alarming smog episodes in US cities and industrial areas had raised public awareness about deteriorating air quality. It will be critical to keep the pressure on in order to see to it that those who are covered by the statute obey it - or pay the requisite penalties for violations.But a positive change in attitude and assumptions about environmental protection does not in itself clean up dirty air. Evidence also suggests that some of the potential cost savings were appropriated by railroads, which set relatively higher prices for transporting low-sulfur coal to Midwestern power plants.As we reflect on the 50th anniversary of the 1970 Clean Air Act, we’ve asked what we can learn about the law’s causal economic, environmental, and public health impacts.
Some have said that Congress reacted to public pressure too quickly and rushed through clean-air legislation that was not up to the task of responding to real air-pollution concerns. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding. These lower cost savings are partly due to the decision of some utilities to install scrubbers rather than purchase allowances and/or switch to low-sulfur coal—a choice that is estimated to have increased annual compliance costs by nearly $100 million.