Les condos et maisons des Habitations Moderno à Joliette… pour une vie nouvelle, où espace, qualité de construction et nature se déclinent au présent . It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness. Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods. Wells inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching crusade; she helped launch the black women’s club movement which culminated in the National Association of Color Women (1896), Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress, Alarming gains by Demon Rum spurred the temperance reforms to redoubled zeal; the corner saloon, known as “the poor man’s club” helped keep his family poor, Liquor consumption had increased during the nerve-racking days of the Civil War, and immigrant groups, accustomed to alcohol in the Old Country, were hostile to restraints, Many tipplers charged that temperance reform amounted to a middle-class assault on working-class lifestyles (rudely hissed temperance lecturers), The National Prohibition party, organized in 1869, polled a sprinkling of votes in some of the ensuing presidential elections with catchy songs of sober souls, Militant women entered the alcoholic arena, notably when the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was organized in 1874; the white ribbon symbol of purity, The saintly Frances E. Willard, a champion of planned parenthood, was its leading spirit but less saintly was a muscular, mentally deranged Carrie A. '". allowed people to see another perspective on slavery - new ideas were created. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. That's easy — it's the best way to study for AP classes and AP exams! Edward Bellamy was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power; in 1888 he published a socialistic novel, To a nation already alarmed by the trust evil, the book had a magnetic appeal and sold over a million copies; scores of Bellamy Clubs sprang up to discuss this mild utopian socialism and heavily influence American reform movements near the end of the century, As literacy increased, so did book reading; Post-Civil War Americans devoured millions of “dime novels,” usually depicted the wilds of the woolly West, Paint-bedaubed Indians and quick-triggered gunmen shot off vast quantities of powder and virtue invariable triumphed; these lurid “paperbacks” were frowned upon by parents, but youths read them in haylofts or in schools behind covers of books, The king of dime novelists was Harlan F. Halsey, making a fortune writing about 650, General Lewis Wallace sought to combat the prevailing wave of Darwinian skepticism with his novel, An even more popular writer was Horatio Alger, a Puritan-reared New Englander, who in 1866 forsook the pulpit for the pen; he wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction that sold over 100 million copies; his stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor—a kind of survival of the purest, Alger implanted morality and the conviction that there is always room at the top, In poetry Walt Whitman was one of few luminaries of yesteryear who remained active. Begin your journey through US history with the videos, timelines, primary sources, and essays below. The Democratic Party was picking up steam with Jackson’s election in 1828. The skyscraper allowed more people and workplaces to be packed onto a parcel of land; appearing … Chapter 2: The Planting of English America, 1500-1733, Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700, Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692, Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution, 1700-1775, Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775, Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783, Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790, Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800, Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824, Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824-1840, Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860, Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860, Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860, Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848, Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854, Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861, Chapter 20: Girding for War - The North and the South, 1861-1865, Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865, Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, Chapter 23: Paralysis of Politics in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896, Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900, Chapter 25: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900, Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896, Chapter 27: The Path of Empire, 1890-1899, Chapter 28: America on the World Stage, 1899-1909, Chapter 29: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912, Chapter 30: Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912-1916, Chapter 31: The War to End War, 1917-1918, Chapter 32: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919-1929, Chapter 33: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932, Chapter 34: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939, Chapter 35: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941, Chapter 36: America in World War II: 1941-1945, Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952, Chapter 38: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960, Chapter 39: The Stormy Sixties, 1960-1968, Chapter 40: The Stalemated Seventies, 1968-1980, Chapter 41: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-2000, The growth of American metropolises was spectacular; in 1860 no city in the US had a million inhabitants; by 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had passed the million mark; by 1900 New York had 3.5 million people (2, The skyscraper allowed more people and workplaces to be packed onto a parcel of land; appearing first as a ten-story building in Chicago in 1885, the skyscraper was made usable by the perfecting of the electric elevator up and down the building, Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan, contributed to the further development of the skyscraper with his famous principle that “form follows function” (steel), Americans were becoming commuters, carted daily between home and job on the mass-transit lines that radiated out from central cities to surrounding suburbs, Electric trolleys, powered by overhead wires, propelled city limits explosively outward; rural America could not compete with the siren song of the city, Industrial jobs drew country folks off the farms and into factory centers; electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones all made life in the big city more alluring, Engineering marvels like the skyscraper and New York’s awesome Brooklyn Bridge, a harplike suspension span dedicated in 1883, added to the seductive glamour of cities, Cavernous department stores such as Macy’s in New York attracted urban middle-class shoppers and provided urban working-class jobs, many of them for women, The bustling emporiums also heralded a dawning era of consumerism and accentuated widening class divisions; the spectacle of the city’s dazzling department stores that awakened some to a yearning for a richer, more elegant way of life, The move to the city introduced Americans to new ways of living; country dwellers produced little household waste; in the city, goods came in throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans—waste disposal was an issue new to the urban age, The Mountains of waste that urbanites generated testified to a cultural shift away from the virtues of thrift to the conveniences of consumerism, Criminals flourished in the cities of America; sanitary facilities could not keep pace with the population explosion; impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings from draft animals enveloped many cities in a satanic stench, The cities represented “humanity compressed;” glaring contrasts that assaulted the eye, Worst of all were the human pigsties known as slums; they grew more crowded, more filthy, and more rat-infested, especially after the perfection of “dumbbell” tenement, Named because of the outline of its floor plan, the dumbbell was usually seven or eight stories high, with shallow, sunless, air shafts providing minimal ventilation, Several families were sardined onto each floor of the structures and shared toilets, Flophouses” abounded where the half-starved and unemployed might sleep for a few cents on verminous mattresses; many slum dwellers strove to escape their surroundings, As many escaped the ghetto, they generally resettled in other urban neighborhoods alongside people of the similar group; the wealthiest left the cities altogether and headed for the semirural suburbs—“bedroom communities” (greenbelt of affluence), In each of the three decades from the 1850s through the 1870s, more than 2 million migrants had stepped onto America’s shores; by the 1880s the stream had swelled to 5, Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe, chiefly Germany and Scandinavia—they were typically Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic types, and they were usually Protestant, except for Catholic Irish and Germans, Many of them boasted of a high rate of literacy and were accustomed to some kind of representative government (many of them took up farming like back at home), But in the 1880s, the character of the immigrant stream changed drastically; the so-called New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europeans (Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles—many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues), They came from countries with little history of democratic government; people had grown accustomed to following despotism and where opportunities for advancement were few—largely illiterate and impoverished, many seeked industrial jobs, These new peoples totaled only 19 percent of the inpouring immigrants in the 1880s, but by the first decade of the twentieth century, they constitute 66 percent of the total, They hived together in cities like New York and Chicago and soon claimed more inhabitants than many of the largest cities of the same nationality in the Old World, Many left their native countries because Europe seemed to have no room for them; the population of the Old World was growing vigorously and it nearly doubled in the century after 1800 thanks in part to abundant food from America and cultivation of the potato, American food imports and the pace of European industrialization shook the peasantry loose from its ancient habitats and customary occupation creating a vast, footloose army of the unemployed (millions drained from the countryside into cities), About 60 million Europeans left the Old World in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; more than half of them moved to United States (urbanization of Europe), America fever” proved highly contagious in Europe; the United States was often painted as a land of fabulous opportunity in the “America letters” sent back, Profit-seeking Americans trumpeted throughout Europe the attractions of the new promised land; industrialists wanted low-wage labor, railroads wanted buyers for land grants, states wanted more population, and steamship lines more human cargo, As the century lengthened savage persecutions of minorities in Europe drove many shattered souls to American shores; in the 1880s, the Russians turned violent upon their own Jews, chiefly in the Polish areas (tens of thousands of battered refugees fled), They made their way to the seaboard cites of the Atlantic Coast, notably New York; Jews had experienced city life in Europe (circumstance that made them unique among New Immigrants but many brought urban skills of tailoring or shop-keeping in cities), Many of the immigrants never intended to become Americans in any case; a large number of them were single men who worked in the United States for some time and then returned home with their hard-earned money; some 25 percent of the nearly 20 million people who arrived between 1820 and 1900 were “birds of the passage” who went back, Even those who stayed in American struggled to preserve their traditional culture; time took its toll on efforts to keep old ways alive and children often rejected the Old Country manners of their mothers and fathers in their desire to be part of American life, Beyond minimal checking to catch criminals and the insane, the federal government did virtually nothing to ease the assimilation of immigrants into American society, State governments, usually dominated by rural representatives, did even less; city governments, overwhelmed by the scale of urban growth, proved inadequate, By default, the business of ministering to the immigrants’ needs fell to the unofficial “governments” of the urban political machines, led by “bosses” of the city, Trading jobs and services for votes, a powerful boss might claim the loyalty of thousands of followers; the bosses found housing, gave gifts of food and clothing, patched up minor scrapes with the law, and helped get schools, parks, and hospitals, The nation’s social conscience gradually awakened to the plight of the cities, and especially their immigrant masses; prominent in awakening were Protestant clergymen, Noteworthy among the Protestant clergymen, who sought to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories, was Walter Rauschenbusch, who in 1886 became a pastor of a German Baptist church in New York City; also conspicuous was Washington Gladden (Congregational church in Columbus, OH), Preaching the “social gospel,” they both insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issues of the day; Sermon on the Mouth was the science of society, and many social gospelers predicted that socialism would by the outcome of Christianity, Jane Addams was a middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses and who was one of the first generation of college-educated women, Upon graduation she sough other outlets for her talents than could be found in teaching or charitable volunteer work, the only permissible occupations of young women of her social class—she became inspired upon a visit to England, She acquired the decaying Hull mansion in Chicago and established Hull House, the most prominent, though not the first, American settlement house, She was a broad-gauge reformer who courageously condemned war as well as poverty, and she eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, Located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans, Hull House offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city lift, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities, Following Addams’ lead, women founded settlement houses in other cities as well, The settlement houses became centers of women’s activism and of social reform; the women of Hull House successfully lobbied in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor in those shops, They were led by Florence Kelley, who was armed with the insights of socialism, she was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers, The pioneering work of Addams, Wald (Henry Street Settlement in NY), and Kelley helped blaze the trail that many women and some men followed into careers in the new profession of social work—city was the frontier of opportunity for women, The urban frontier opened new possibilities for women; more than a million women joined the work force in the single decade of the 1890s, Because employment for wives and mothers was considered taboo, the vast majority of working women were single—their jobs depended on race, ethnicity, and class, Black women had few opportunities beyond domestic service; white-collar jobs were largely reserved for native-born women; immigrant women tended to cluster in particular industries, as Jewish women crowded in the garment trades, After contributing a large share of their earnings to their families, many women still had enough money in their pocketbooks to enter a new urban world of sociability, Antiforeignism, or “nativism,” touched off by the Irish and German arrivals in the 1840s and 1850s, bared its ugly face in the 1880s with fresh ferocity, The New Immigrants had come for much of the same reason as the Old—to escape the poverty and squalor of Europe and to seek new opportunities in America, Nativists viewed eastern and southern Europeans as culturally and religiously exotic hordes and often gave them rude reception; the newest newcomers aroused alarm, Their high birthrate, common among people with a low standard of living and sufficient, raised worries that the original Anglo-Saxon stock would soon be out-bred and outvoted—others worried that Anglo-Saxon types would disappear (inferior), “Native” Americans voiced additional fears; they blamed the immigrants for the degradation of urban government; trade unionists assailed the alien arrivals, The immigrants were willing to work for “starvation” wages and imported their intellectual baggage as doctrines of socialism, communism, and anarchism, Antiforeign organizations were now revived in a different guise; notorious among them was the American Protective Association (APA), which was created in 1887 and soon claimed a million members—in pursuing nativist goals, the APA urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored mud-slinging, Organized labor was quick to throw its growing weight behind the move to choke off the rising tide of foreigners; frequently used as strikebreakers, the wage-depressing immigrants were hard to unionize because of the language barrier, Congress finally nailed up partial bars against the inpouring immigrants, The first restrictive law, passed in 1882, banged the gate shut in the faces of paupers, criminals, and convicts, all of whom had to be returned at the expense of the shipper, Congress in 1885, prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract, In later years other federal laws lengthened the list of undesirables to include the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people carrying diseases, A proposed literacy test met vigorous opposition and was not enacted until 1917; presidents argued it was more a measure of opportunity than of intelligence, The year 1882 brought forth a law to car completely one ethnic group—the Chinese; after the gates would be padlocked against defective undesirables—plus the Chinese, Four years later, in 1886, the Statue of Liberty arose in New York harbor, a gift from the people of France; to many natavists, the noble words on the Statue described only too accurately the “scum” washed up by the New Immigrant tides, These new immigrants stepped off ready to put their shoulders to the nation’s industrial wheels; the Republic owes much to these latercomers (brawn, brains, courage, diversity), The swelling size and changing character of the urban population posed sharp challenges to American churches, which, like other national institutions, had grown up in the country, Protestant churches suffered heavily form the shift to the city, where many of their traditional doctrines and pastoral approaches seemed irrelevant, Reflecting the wealth of their prosperous parishioner, many of the old-line churches were distressingly slow to raise their voices against social and economic vices, The mounting emphasis was on materialism; money was the accepted measure of achievement, and the new gospel of wealth proclaimed that God caused the righteous to prosper (Morgan of the Episcopal Church—“the Republican party at prayer”), Into this moral vacuum stepped a new generation of urban revivalists; most conspicuous was Dwight Lyman Moody who proclaimed a gospel of kindness and forgiveness, Traveling to countless American cities, Moody held huge audiences spellbound; Moody contributed powerfully to adapting the old-time religion to facts of city life, The Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous strength from the New Immigration; by 1900 the Roman Catholics had increased their lead as the largest single denomination, numbering nearly 9 million communicants (kept common touch), Cardinal Gibbons, an urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity, was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants alike (liberal sympathies), By 1890, the Americans could choose from 150 religion denominations, 2 of them newcomers; one was the Salvation Army from England did much practical good, The other important new faith was the Church of Christ, Scientist, founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879, after she had suffered much ill health (Christian Science), She set forth her views in a book entitled, Eddy preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness; a fertile field for converts was found in America’s hurried, nerve-racked, and urbanized civilization, Urbanites participated in a new kind of religious-affiliated organization, the Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Associations; the YMCA and YWCA grew by leaps, Combining physical and other kinds of education with religious instruction, the Y’s appeared in virtually ever major American city by the end of the nineteenth century, The old-time religion received many blows from modern trends, including a sale of books on comparative religion and on historical criticism as applied to the bible, Evolution cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible, which relates how God created the heaven and the earth in six days; the Conservatives (Fundamentalists) stood firmly on the Scripture as the Word of God and condemned the Darwinians, The “Modernists” parted company with the “Fundamentalists” and flatly refused to accept the Bible in entirety as either history or science (rifts in churches and colleges), As time wore on, an increasing number of liberal thinkers were able to reconcile Darwinism and Christianity—grander revelation of the ways of the Almighty, But Darwinism undoubtedly did much to loosen religious moorings and to promote unbelief among the gospel-glutted; the most bitterly denounced skeptic of the era was Colonel Robert Ingersoll, who lectured and attacked orthodox religion, Public education continued its upward climb; the ideal of tax-supported elementary schools was gathering strength; Americans were accepting the truism that a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled by ignorance, By 1870, more and more states were making at least a grade-school education compulsory and this gain helped check the abuses of child labor, Before the Civil War, private academies at the secondary level were common, and tax-supported high schools were rare (only about a few hundred), The concept was gaining impressive support that a high-school education was the birthright of every citizen and by 1900 there were some six thousand high schools, Teacher-training schools (“normal schools”) experience a striking expansion after the Civil War a growth from only twelve to over three from 1860 to 1910, Kindergartens, borrowed from the Germans, also began to gain strong support, The New Immigration in the 1880s and 1890s brought vast new strength to the private Catholic parochial schools, which were becoming a major pillar of educational structure, Public schools excluded millions of adults; this deficiency was partially remedied by the Chautauqua movement, which was launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua, In New York, the organizers achieved gratifying success through nationwide public lectures and there were extensive Chautauqua courses of home study, Crowded cities generally provided better educational facilities than the old one-room, one-teacher red schoolhouse; the illiteracy rate fell from 20 % in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900, Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People, The South lagged far behind other regions in public education and African-Americans suffered most severely; a staggering 44 percent of nonwhites were illiterate in 1900, Some help came from northern philanthropists, but the foremost champion of black education was an ex-slave, Booker T. Washington (who had been schooled), Washington taught black students useful trades for gaining self-respect and economic security; Washington’s self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems was labeled “accommodationist” because did not solve the nation’s racial problems, Recognizing the depths of southern white racism, Washington avoided the issue of social equality and acquiesced in segregation in return for the right to develop the economic and education resources of the black community (economic independence), Washington’s commitment to training young blacks in agriculture and trades guided the curriculum at Tuskegee Institute and was the ideal place for George Washington Carver, After joining the faculty, he became an internationally famous agricultural chemist who provided a much-needed boost to the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut (shampoo, grease), sweet potato (vinegar), and soybean (paint), Other black leaders, notably Dr. W.E.B.
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